Recent developments in the application of cloud point extraction as procedure for speciation of trace elements
Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Uillian Mozart Ferreira Mata Cerqueira, Sérgio L.C. Ferreira, Cléber Galvão Novaes, Franciele Castro Novais, Gisseli Souza Valasques, Bruno Novaes Silva
Abstract
This review addresses the use of cloud point extraction as a separation and pre-concentration method aiming at the speciation of metals and metalloids by spectroanalytical techniques. The principles, advantages and limitations of this technique are presented for a better understanding of its potential. The main strategies for using cloud point extraction in carrying out speciation analysis are discussed. To illustrate its applicability in the development of analytical methodologies aimed at speciation, some works found in the specialized literature are commented, highlighting their contribution to the theme. Finally, future trends for the development in this field (such as speciation of anionic species, cloud point micro extraction, speciation of nanoparticles, among others) is presented and discussed.