Synthesis of Thiomorpholine via a Telescoped Photochemical Thiol–Ene/Cyclization Sequence in Continuous Flow
Alexander Steiner, Ryan C. Nelson, Doris Dallinger, C. Oliver Kappe
Abstract
A procedure for the continuous flow generation of thiomorpholine in a two-step telescoped format was developed. The key step was the photochemical thiol-ene reaction of cysteamine hydrochloride and vinyl chloride as low-cost starting materials. This reaction could be conducted under highly concentrated (4 M) conditions using a low amount (0.1-0.5 mol %) of 9-fluorenone as the photocatalyst, leading to the corresponding half-mustard intermediate in quantitative yield. Thiomorpholine was subsequently obtained by base-mediated cyclization. The robustness of the process was demonstrated by performing the reaction for 7 h (40 min overall residence time), isolating the desired thiomorpholine via distillation.