The application of bacteria-derived dehydrogenases and oxidases in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles

Abstract

Green nanoparticle synthesis is a fast-developing branch of nanotechnology that uses environmentally fiendly bioreductants for the synthesis of metallic NPs, ensuring a safe, environmentally friendly, simple, cost-effective and relatively reproducible process (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ). Bioreductants successfully used for the Au-NPs synthesis so far include: (i) agrowastes (grape waste, watermelon rind, palm oil mill effluent, eggshell membrane, etc.). (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ; Krishnaswamy et al. 2014 ; Patra and Baek 2015 ); (ii) plants, plant extracts, and algae ( Olax nana , Coriandrum sativum , Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Pelargonium roseum , Gracilaria crassa , etc.) (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ; Kamaraj et al. 2022 ; Kuppusamy et al. 2016 ; Ovais et al. 2018c ; Yadi et al. 2018 ); (iii) enzymes (sulphite reductase, disulphide reductase and keratinase, alcohol oxidase, serratiopeptidase, α-amylase, laccase, ligninase, urease, glucose oxidase, etc.) (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ; Ahmed et al. 2016a ; Chinnadayyala et al. 2015 ; El-Batal et al. 2015 ; Faramarzi and Forootanfar 2011 ; Gholami-Shabani et al. 2015 ; Gour and Jain 2019 ; Gupta et al. 2015 ; Menon et al. 2017 ; Mishra and Sardar 2014 ; Muthurasu and Ganesh 2016 ; Ovais et al. 2018a ; Ovais et al. 2018b ; Rangnekar et al. 2007 ; Sanghi et al. 2011 ; Sharma et al. 2013 ; Venkatpurwar and Pokharkar 2010 ; Yasui and Kimizuka 2005 ). Agrowastes, plants and plant extracts are rich in various biomolecules (carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, steroids, tannins, etc.) that serve as reducing and/or stabilizing agents in the NP synthesis, while enzymes can act as catalysts for the formation of NP, release acids that act as reducing and stabilising agents, or serve as a reducing and capping agent themselves (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ). The use of enzymes, as a green synthesis method, has great potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional chemical and physical synthesis of NPs, since enzymatic processes do not require the use of toxic chemicals and harsh reaction conditions, thus, reducing the negative impact on the environment (Adelere and Lateef 2016 ).

Topics & Concepts