Multidentate N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Nickel and Palladium: Structural Analysis and Catalytic Application in Mizoroki–Heck Coupling Reaction
Li‐Cheng Liu, Yan‐Hsiang Tzeng, Cheng‐Hau Hung, Hon Man Lee
Abstract
Two series of electron‐rich metal (Ni and Pd) complexes, namely a pyridine‐coordinated tridentate NHC/amidate/phenoxy metal complex and a tetradentate complex bearing an extra pyridyl group, were synthesized. Two carbene moieties, imidazole‐based and benzimidazole‐based NHCs, were also incorporated into the ligand backbones. Seven of the new complexes were structurally characterized and comparative structural analysis revealed that the tetradentate complex with a flanking pyridyl side‐arm was less distorted, leading to chelation‐assisted stronger NHC coordination and hence a shorter metal–carbene bond. The catalytic activities of the two sets of palladium complexes for the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction were investigated. The comparative data showed that despite the higher thermal stability and the presence of the flanking hemilabile pyridyl side‐arm which provided unsaturation to the metal center, the catalytic performance was slightly inferior to that of the tridentate palladium complex with a “throw‐away” pyridine ligand. The tridentate palladium complex with the benzimidazole‐based NHC moiety was the most effective catalyst, allowing the utilization of a range of aryl chlorides including deactivated substrates with a low 0.2 mol‐% Pd loading in molten n ‐tetrabutylammonium bromide.