Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors for Anemia in CKD
Patrick S. Parfrey
Abstract
The prevalence of anemia increases as chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses. Ultimately, anemia occurs in most patients who undergo dialysis, as well as in many patients with CKD who do not undergo dialysis. Non–dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) and dialysis-dependent CKD (DD-CKD) should be studied separately for three reasons. First, the hemoglobin trajectories differ in NDD-CKD and DD-CKD. Second, the hemodynamic and metabolic milieus differ. Third, the manifestation of cardiovascular disease changes from predominantly atherosclerotic events to an equal prominence of events of cardiac failure linked to nonatherosclerotic processes. In the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy involving patients who . . .