Racial Disparities in Modifiable Risk Factors and Statin Usage in Black Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Anandita Agarwala, Nathan Bekele, Elena Deych, Michael W. Rich, Aliza Hussain, Laney K. Jones, Amy C. Sturm, Karen Aspry, Elizabeth C. Nowak, Zahid Ahmad, Christie M. Ballantyne, Anne C. Goldberg
Abstract
Background Black men and women are at higher risk for, and suffer greater morbidity and mortality from, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared with adults of European Ancestry (EA). Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at particularly high risk for ASCVD complications because of lifelong exposure to elevated levels of low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol. Methods and Results This retrospective study analyzed ASCVD prevalence and risk factors in 808 adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia from 5 US‐based lipid clinics, and compared findings in Black versus EA patients. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the strongest predictors of ASCVD as a function of race. No significant difference was noted in the prevalence of ASCVD in Black versus EA patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (39% versus 32%, respectively; P =0.15). However, Black versus EA patients had significantly greater prevalence of modifiable risk factors, including body mass index (mean, 32±7 kg/m 2 versus 29±6 kg/m 2 ; P <0.001), hypertension (82% versus 50%; P <0.001), diabetes (39% versus 15%; P <0.001), and current smoking (16% versus 8%; P =0.006). Black versus EA patients also had significantly lower usage of statins (61% versus 73%; P =0.004) and other lipid‐lowering agents. In a fully adjusted multivariate model, race was not independently associated with ASCVD (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.60–1.49; P =0.72). Conclusions The strongest predictors of ASCVD in Black patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were hypertension and cigarette smoking. These data support wider usage of statins and other lipid‐lowering therapies and greater attention to modifiable risk, specifically blood pressure management and smoking cessation.