Gamma-ray burst redshift estimation using machine learning and the associated web app
Aditya Narendra, Maria Giovanna Dainotti, M. Sarkar, Avi L, Małgorzata Bogdan, A. Pollo, B. Zhang, Aleksandra Rabeda, V. Petrosian, K. Iwasaki
Abstract
Context . Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which have been observed at redshifts as high as 9.4, could serve as valuable probes for investigating the distant Universe. However, using them in this manner necessitates an increase in the number of GRBs with determined redshifts, as currently only 12% of them have known redshifts due to observational biases. Aims . We aim to address the shortage of GRBs with measured redshifts to enable full realization of their potential as valuable cosmological probes. Methods . Following our previous approach, in this work we take a further step to overcome this issue by adding 30 more GRBs to our ensemble supervised machine learning training sample, representing an increase of 20%, which will help us obtain more accurate pseudo-redshifts. In addition, we have built a freely accessible and user-friendly web application that infers the redshift of long GRBs (LGRBs) with plateau emission using our machine learning model. The web app is the first of its kind for such a study and will allow the community to obtain pseudo-redshifts by entering the GRB parameters into the app. Results . Through our machine learning model, we successfully estimated redshifts for 276 LGRBs using X-ray afterglow parameters detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and increased the sample of LGRBs with known redshifts by 110%. We also performed Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate the future applicability of this research. Conclusions . The results presented in this work will enable the community to increase the sample of GRBs with known pseudoredshifts. This can help address many outstanding issues, such as GRB formation rate, luminosity function, and the true nature of low-luminosity GRBs, and it can enable the application of GRBs as standard candles.