Designing a Post-Quantum Blockchain Voting Protocol with Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Tamper-Resilient Electoral Infrastructure
Funmi Eko Ezeh, Stephanie Onyekachi Oparah, Pamela Gado, Stephen Vure Gbaraba, A. Q. Adeleke
Abstract
The growing threat posed by quantum computing to traditional cryptographic systems demands a radical redesign of digital voting architectures. This review explores the development of a post-quantum blockchain voting protocol, emphasizing the integration of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to ensure data privacy, voter anonymity, and verifiable election integrity. The study synthesizes advancements in lattice-based and hash-based cryptographic algorithms capable of withstanding quantum attacks and evaluates their applicability within decentralized ledger frameworks. Particular attention is paid to the role of ZKPs—such as zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs—in constructing tamper-resilient, end-to-end verifiable voting systems without compromising performance or transparency. Through critical analysis of recent protocols, consensus mechanisms, and deployment models, this paper identifies key design principles for scalable, secure, and inclusive e-voting infrastructures. The review concludes with strategic recommendations for transitioning from prototype systems to robust electoral frameworks in anticipation of the quantum era.