Examining sulfate radical-based enhanced oxidation techniques to degradation pharmaceutically active substances in aqueous media: With acetaminophen serving as a case study
Sepideh Bakhtshokouhi, Ali Assadi
Abstract
Acetaminophen (ACT), a widely used analgesic and antipyretic, frequently appears in various aquatic environments due to its extensive use and incomplete removal by conventional wastewater treatment processes. The persistence and potential adverse effects of ACT necessitate the development of effective treatment technologies. Sulfate radical based-advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs), which generate sulfate radicals with high oxidative potential, are examined for their ability to degrade complex organic molecules such as ACT. To increase sulfate radical generation and promote degradation efficiency, a variety of catalytic systems have been reviewed in this study, including carbon-based materials, transition metal oxides, and composite catalysts. Key factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of co-contaminants are analyzed for their impact on the degradation process. The study also addresses the stability and leaching of catalysts, which are critical for the sustainability and environmental safety of SR-AOPs. Furthermore, the formation of by-products during ACT degradation is discussed, with a focus on the identification and toxicity of these intermediates. The review underscores the importance of monitoring both the formation and breakdown of intermediates to fully understand the toxicity dynamics and ensure the safety of the treated effluents. By integrating recent advancements and case studies, this review highlights the strengths and limitations of SR-AOPs and identifies areas for future research. The work offers to optimize SR-AOPs for large-scale water treatment applications, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of their potential to treat water contaminated with pharmaceutically active compounds.