Solvent-assisted dechlorophyllization of Psidium guajava leaf extract: Effects on the polyphenol content, cytocompatibility, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities
Sudarshan Singh, Vijay R. Chidrawar, Dessy Hermawan, Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor, Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde, Titilope John Jayeoye, Weerasak Samee, Julalak C. Ontong, Chuda Chittasupho
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dechlorophyllization on the phytochemistry, polyphenol contents, and biological activities of Psidium guajava leaf ethanolic extracts with chlorophyll (PGE), chloroform dechlorophyllized (PGC), and sedimentation dechlorophyllized (PGS). Phytochemical profiling results demonstrated that PGE, PGC, and PGS extract contained 0.67 ± 0.01, 0.89 ± 0.03, and 0.62 ± 0.02 µg/mg of quercetin, respectively. Psidium guajava leaf extract demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL. The extract dechlorophyllized using sedimentation process significantly attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced macrophage cell mortality at 125 µg/mL, compared to PGE and PGC (250 µg/mL). Psidium guajava leaf extract, showed anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC 50 values of 40.81, 91.27, and 65.54 µg/mL, respectively. Dechlorophyllized extract showed < 1% hemolysis on red blood, whereas PGE showed 5.09 ± 0.13% hemolytic effect. The cytocompatibility assay showed the IC 50 values of PGC, PGS and PGE were 161.2 µg/mL, 191.2 µg/mL, and 248.2 µg/mL against oral squamous carcinoma cells. Moreover, PGE, PGC, and PGS significantly inhibited migration and colony formation of carcinoma cells. Our findings revealed that dechlorophyllization significantly impacted on the phytochemical contents and biological activities of P. guajava leaf extracts. • Quercetin was predominant in the chemical composition of the psidium guajava leaf extract. • Dechlorophyllization of psidium guajava leaf extract significantly impacted the phytochemical contents and biological activities. • Dechlorophyllized extract showed attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced macrophage cell mortality. • Dechlorophyllized extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent. • Dechlorophyllized extract had superior anti-cancer activity against carcinoma cells.