Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Predictors of Response, Issues, and Challenges
Alessandro Rizzo, Oronzo Brunetti, Giovanni Brandi
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as durvalumab, tremelimumab, and atezolizumab, have emerged as a significant therapeutic option for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In fact, the efficacy of ICIs as single agents or as part of combination therapies has been demonstrated in practice-changing phase III clinical trials. However, ICIs confront several difficulties, including the lack of predictive biomarkers, primary and secondary drug resistance, and treatment-related side effects. Herein, we provide an overview of current issues and future challenges in this setting.
Topics & Concepts
TremelimumabDurvalumabAtezolizumabMedicineHepatocellular carcinomaImmunotherapyOncologyNivolumabClinical trialInternal medicineIntensive care medicineCTLA-4ImmunologyCancerImmune systemIpilimumabT cellHepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and PrognosisCancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersCancer Mechanisms and Therapy