Clinical assessment of a low-cost, hand-held, smartphone-attached intraoral imaging probe for 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy monitoring and guidance
Shakir Khan, Bofan Song, Srivalleesha Mallidi, Shaobai Li, Hui Liu, Mushraf Hussain, Shaista Siddiqui, Amjad Khan, Kafil Akhtar, Shahid Ali Siddiqui, Syed Abrar Hasan, Colin Hopper, Stephen G. Bown, Rongguang Liang, Tayyaba Hasan, Jonathan P. Celli
Abstract
Significance: India has one of the highest rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the world, with an incidence of 15 per 100,000 and more than 70,000 deaths per year. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of medical infrastructure and routine screening, especially in rural areas. New technologies for oral cancer detection and timely treatment at the point of care are urgently needed. Aim: Our study aimed to use a hand-held smartphone-coupled intraoral imaging device, previously investigated for autofluorescence (auto-FL) diagnostics adapted here for treatment guidance and monitoring photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence (FL). Approach: of 635 nm red LED light). Results: at the time of treatment were associated with successful outcomes. Conclusion: These results indicate the utility of a low-cost, handheld intraoral imaging probe for image-guided PDT and treatment monitoring while also laying the groundwork for an integrated approach, combining cancer screening and treatment with the same hardware.