Textile Electromagnetic Brace for Knee Imaging
Kamel Sultan, Ahmed Mahmoud, Amin Abbosh
Abstract
A wearable textile brace is introduced as an electromagnetic imaging system that breaks hospital boundaries to real-time onsite scanning for knee injuries. The proposed brace consists of a 12-element textile slot loop antenna array, which is designed to match the human knee for enhanced electromagnetic wave penetration. Wool felt and conductive fabric are used to fabricate the antenna array thanks to their flexibility and proper dielectric properties. Each antenna element has a compact footprint of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$42 \times 24 \times 3.22{\rm{\ m}}{{\rm{m}}^3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and achieves unidirectional radiation, high front-to-back ratio of 14 dB, wide bandwidth of 81% at 0.7–1.7 GHz, and safe SAR levels. A modified double-stage delay, multiply, and sum (DS-DMAS) algorithm is used to process the collected signals from the antenna array based on differential left/right knee imaging. The reconstructed images numerically and experimentally on realistic phantoms demonstrate the potential of the brace system for onsite detection of different types of ligaments/tendon tears.