Gramicidin A accumulates in mitochondria, reduces ATP levels, induces mitophagy, and inhibits cancer cell growth
Yun‐Wei Xue, Hiroaki Itoh, Shingo Dan, Masayuki Inoue
Abstract
gradient in the mitochondria inhibited ATP synthesis. The resultant mitochondrial malfunction led to mitophagy, while the cellular energy depletion induced G1 phase accumulation. The multiple events occurred in a time-dependent fashion and ultimately caused potent inhibition of cell growth. The present study provides valuable information for the design and development of new cytostatic agents exploiting channel-forming natural products.
Topics & Concepts
MitophagyMitochondrionGramicidinBiophysicsChemistryInner mitochondrial membraneIon channelTransmembrane proteinMembrane potentialCancer cellLipid bilayerCellCell growthElectrochemical gradientMembraneBiochemistryApoptosisReceptorBiologyAutophagyCancerGeneticsAntimicrobial Peptides and ActivitiesChemical Synthesis and AnalysisSynthesis of Indole Derivatives