Trions, Exciton Dynamics, and Spectral Modifications in Doped Carbon Nanotubes: A Singular Defect-Driven Mechanism
Klaus H. Eckstein, Pascal Kunkel, Markus Voelckel, Friedrich Schöppler, Tobias Hertel
Abstract
Doping substantially influences the electronic and photophysical properties of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs). Although prior studies have noted that surplus charge carriers modify optical spectra and accelerate nonradiative exciton decay in doped s-SWNTs, a direct mechanistic correlation of trion formation, exciton dynamics, and energetics remains elusive. This work examines the influence of doping-induced nonradiative decay and exciton confinement on s-SWNT photophysics. Using photoluminescence, continuous-wave absorption, and pump–probe spectroscopy, we show that localization of and barrier formation by trapped charges can be jointly quantified using diffusive exciton transport and particle-in-the-box models, yielding a one-to-one correlation between charge carrier concentrations derived from these models. The study highlights the multifaceted role of exohedral counterions, which trap charges to create quenching sites, form barriers to exciton movement, and host trion states. This contributes significantly to understanding and optimizing the photophysical properties of doped SWNTs.