Albumin-Mediated Drug Uptake by Organic Anion Transporter 1/3 Is Real: Implications for the Prediction of Active Renal Secretion Clearance
Shawn Pei Feng Tan, Annika Tillmann, Susan Murby, Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan, Daniel Scotcher, Aleksandra Galetin
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Modulation of the transport-mediated active uptake by human serum albumin (HSA) for highly protein-bound substrates has been reported and improved the in vitro -to- in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of hepatic clearance. However, evidence for the relevance of such a phenomenon in the case of renal transporters is sparse. In this study, transport of renal organic anion transporter 1 or 3 (OAT1/3) substrates into conditionally immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells transduced with OAT1/3 was measured in the presence and absence of 1 and 4% HSA while keeping the unbound substrate concentration constant (based on measured fraction unbound, f u,inc ). In the presence of 4% HSA, the unbound intrinsic active uptake clearance (CL int,u,active ) of six highly protein-bound substrates increased substantially relative to the HSA-free control (3.5- to 122-fold for the OAT1 CL int,u,active, and up to 28-fold for the OAT3 CL int,u,active ). The albumin-mediated uptake effect (fold increase in CL int,u,active ) was more pronounced with highly bound substrates compared to no effect seen for weakly protein-bound substrates adefovir (OAT1-specific) and oseltamivir carboxylate (OAT3-specific). The relationship between OAT1/3 CL int,u,active and f u,inc agreed with the facilitated-dissociation model; a relationship was established between the albumin-mediated fold change in CL int, u,active and f u,inc for both the OAT1 and OAT3, with implications for IVIVE modeling. The relative activity factor and the relative expression factor based on global proteomic quantification of in vitro OAT1/3 expression were applied for IVIVE of renal clearance. The inclusion of HSA improved the bottom-up prediction of the level of OAT1/3-mediated secretion and renal clearance (CL sec and CL r ), in contrast to the underprediction observed with the control (HSA-free) scenario. For the first time, this study confirmed the presence of the albumin-mediated uptake effect with renal OAT1/3 transporters; the extent of the effect was more pronounced for highly protein-bound substrates. We recommend the inclusion of HSA in routine in vitro OAT1/3 assays due to considerable improvements in the IVIVE of CL sec and CL r .