Cultivating health: millets' potential in combating non-communicable diseases and future research avenues in India

Abstract

NCD), epidemiologic transition, diabetes, hypertension, prevalence, NCD and risk factors NCD burden and the role of nutrition Chronic illnesses, often referred to as non-communicable diseases (NCDs), present a substantial threat to global public health.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are responsible for 74% of all global deaths, with cardiovascular ailments, cancer, respiratory disorders, and diabetes standing as the primary culprits (1).Insufficient dietary habits, encompassing diets high in sugar, salt, saturated and trans fats, and lacking in ample amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean sources of protein, pose a notable risk for NCDs.The World Health Organization recommends a diet abundant in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, while avoiding processed foods, sugar, and excessive amounts of saturated and trans fats (2).A systematic review and meta-analysis have shown that some dietary patterns, such as the DASH diet (3) and the Mediterranean diet (4) can lessen the likelihood of developing NCDs and benefit the treatment of those who already have them (5).These diets encourage the consumption of minimally processed, unprocessed foods and restrict the consumption of processed and high-fat meals.In addition to food, additional lifestyle factors such as physical activity, avoiding cigarettes and excessive alcohol intake, and stress management can aid in the prevention and management of NCDs (6).Millet-incorporated foods are those that primarily feature millet as their main ingredient.Millet falls within the category of small-seeded grains, widely consumed across the globe, particularly in Asia and Africa (7).Various types of millets exist, including Sorghum (also recognized as Jowar), pearl millet, Finger millet, Barnyard millet, Proso millet, Foxtail millet, Kodo millet, Little millet, Brown top millet, Fonio, and Tef (7) (Table 1).Due to the inherent constituents present in millet seeds such as proteins, peptides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, oil, and isoflavones, millet showcases properties that support well-being.While numerous of these health advantages have been confirmed through studies involving animal models and laboratory tests, the available literature pertaining to favorable effects through human intervention trials remains limited (8).Millet-based foods are available in numerous forms, including millet porridge, which is considered as a popular breakfast meal in many nations, particularly in Africa and Asia.It can be prepared by heating millet grains in water or milk and adding honey, sugar, or fruit for sweetness.Millet flour can be used to make roti, chapati, and naan, among other forms of flatbreads.They are commonly used in Indian cuisine.Millet can be used as a base for casseroles, or it can be combined with vegetables, beans, or meat to create a nutritious and full meal.Millet can be popped like popcorn and seasoned with salt, butter, or spices to Frontiers in Nutrition frontiersin.org

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