Design-encoded dual shape-morphing and shape-memory in 4D printed polymer parts toward cellularized vascular grafts
Saswat Choudhury, Akshat Joshi, Vageesh Singh Baghel, G. K. Ananthasuresh, Sonal Asthana, Shervanthi Homer‐Vanniasinkam, Kaushik Chatterjee
Abstract
), and thereafter triggered at ≈37 °C back into tubes (permanent shape), utilizing the shape memory properties to yield bioresorbable tubes with cellularized lumens for potential use as vascular grafts with improved long-term patency. Additionally, out-of-plane bending and twisting deformation were demonstrated in complex structures by careful control of infill angles that can unprecedently expand the scope of cellularized biomimetic 3D shapes. This work demonstrates the potential of the combination of shape morphing and SMP behaviors at physiological temperatures to yield next-generation smart implants with precise control over dimensions for tissue repair and regeneration.