Colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of <scp>HfO<sub>2</sub></scp> nanoparticles
Tracie L. McGinnity, Viktoriya Sokolova, Oleg Prymak, Prakash D. Nallathamby, Matthias Epple, Ryan K. Roeder
Abstract
Abstract The colloidal stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated in vitro to assess safety and efficacy for use as a deliverable theranostic in nanomedicine. Monoclinic HfO 2 NPs, ~60–90 nm in diameter and ellipsoidal in shape, were directly prepared without calcination by a hydrothermal synthesis at 83% yield. The as‐prepared, bare HfO 2 NPs exhibited colloidal stability in cell culture media for at least 10 days without significant agglomeration or settling. The viability (live/dead assay) of human epithelial cells (HeLa) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (THP‐1) did not fall below 95% of untreated cells after up to 24 h exposure to HfO 2 NPs at concentrations up to 0.80 mg/ml. Similarly, the mitochondrial activity (MTT assay) of HeLa and THP‐1 cells did not fall below 80% of untreated cells after up to 24 h exposure to HfO 2 NPs at concentrations up to 0.40 mg/ml. Cellular uptake was confirmed and visualized in both HeLa and THP‐1 cells by fluorescence microscopy of HfO 2 NPs labeled with Cy5 and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of bare HfO 2 NPs. TEM micrographs provided direct observation of macropinocytosis and endosomal compartmentalization within 4 h of exposure. Thus, the HfO 2 NPs in this study exhibited colloidal stability, cytocompatibility, and cellular uptake for potential use as a deliverable theranostic in nanomedicine.