Yb–Gd Codoped Hydroxyapatite as a Potential Contrast Agent for Tumor-Targeted Biomedical Applications
Vu Hoang Minh Doan, Dinh Dat Vu, Sudip Mondal, Thi Vo, Cao Duong Ly, Van Tu Nguyen, Sumin Park, Jaeyeop Choi, Thanh Phuoc Nguyen, Byeongil Lee, Junghwan Oh
Abstract
Recently, various nanomaterials based on hydroxyapatite (HAp) have been developed for bioimaging applications. In particular, HAp doped with rare-earth elements has attracted significant attention, owing to its enhanced bioactivity and imaging properties. In this study, the wet precipitation method was used to synthesize HAp codoped with Yb and Gd. The synthesized Yb x -Gd x -HAp nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized via various techniques to analyze the crystal phase, functional groups, thermal characteristics, and particularly, the larger surface area. The IR783 fluorescence dye and a folic acid (FA) receptor were conjugated with the synthesized Yb x -Gd x -HAp NPs to develop an effective imaging contrast agent. The developed FA/IR783/Yb-Gd-HAp nanomaterial exhibited improved contrast, sensitivity, and tumor-specific properties, as demonstrated by using the customized LUX 4.0 fluorescence imaging system. An in vitro cytotoxicity study was performed to verify the biocompatibility of the synthesized NPs using MTT assay and fluorescence staining. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was also applied to determine the photosensitizer properties of the synthesized Yb x -Gd x -HAp NPs. Further, reactive oxygen species generation was confirmed by Prussian blue decay and a 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate study. Moreover, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were used to evaluate the efficiency of Yb x -Gd x -HAp NP-supported PDT.