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Tidal Disruption Event Demographics with the Zwicky Transient Facility: Volumetric Rates, Luminosity Function, and Implications for the Local Black Hole Mass Function

Yuhan Yao, Vikram Ravi, Suvi Gezari, Sjoert van Velzen, Wenbin Lu, S. Schulze, Jean J. Somalwar, S. R. Kulkarni, Erica Hammerstein, M. Nicholl, M. J. Graham, D. A. Perley, S. B. Cenko, Robert Stein, Angelo Ricarte, Urmila Chadayammuri, Eliot Quataert, Eric C. Bellm, J. S. Bloom, Richard Dekany, A. J. Drake, Steven L. Groom, A. Mahabal, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle, B. Rusholme, Y. Sharma, J. Sollerman, Lin Yan

2023The Astrophysical Journal Letters197 citationsDOIOpen Access PDF

Abstract

Abstract We conduct a systematic tidal disruption event (TDE) demographics analysis using the largest sample of optically selected TDEs. A flux-limited, spectroscopically complete sample of 33 TDEs is constructed using the Zwicky Transient Facility over 3 yr (from 2018 October to 2021 September). We infer the black hole (BH) mass ( M BH ) with host galaxy scaling relations, showing that the sample M BH ranges from 10 5.1 M ⊙ to 10 8.2 M ⊙ . We developed a survey efficiency corrected maximum volume method to infer the rates. The rest-frame g -band luminosity function can be well described by a broken power law of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close="]" open="["> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bk</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mfenced close=")" open="("> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>g</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bk</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , with L bk = 10 43.1 erg s −1 . In the BH mass regime of 10 5.3 ≲ ( M BH / M ⊙ ) ≲ 10 7.3 , the TDE mass function follows <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>ϕ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>BH</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∝</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>BH</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.25</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , which favors a flat local BH mass function ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">dn</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>BH</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="true">/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>BH</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>constant</mml:mi> </mml:math> ). We confirm the significant rate suppression at the high-mass end ( M BH ≳ 10 7.5 M ⊙ ), which is consistent with theoretical predictions considering direct capture of hydrogen-burning stars by the event horizon. At a host galaxy mass of M gal ∼ 10 10 M

Topics & Concepts

DemographicsTransient (computer programming)Function (biology)Event (particle physics)Black hole (networking)AstrophysicsEnvironmental sciencePhysicsDemographyComputer scienceBiologySociologyLink-state routing protocolRouting protocolOperating systemRouting (electronic design automation)Computer networkEvolutionary biologyGamma-ray bursts and supernovaeAstrophysics and Cosmic PhenomenaSolar and Space Plasma Dynamics
Tidal Disruption Event Demographics with the Zwicky Transient Facility: Volumetric Rates, Luminosity Function, and Implications for the Local Black Hole Mass Function | Litcius