2D MOFs have unique features for biological applications. They can be utilized for gene therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and tissue engineering
Moataz Dowaidar
Abstract
2D MOFs provide unique properties for use in biological applications, including huge surfaces, programmable functionality and high porosity. This work highlighted the benefits of MOFs for numerous biological applications, including medicinal administration, bioimaging, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and tissue engineering. The increased surface area of 2D MOFs allows for increased therapeutic agent loading, while the smaller size of 2D MOFs enables increased tumor cell absorption of these complexes due to increased permeability and retention. Also, exterior surfaces of MOFs may be modified to allow fluorophores to be conjugated to them, allowing live cell monitoring of MOFs. Together with its tunability, the high porosity of 2D MOFs can be used for biomolecule sensing. 2D MOFs have also recently been shown to be promising photosensitizers with the potential for photodynamic cancer treatment. In addition, 2D MOFs may be printed with biocompatible binders to form scaffolds for use in tissue engineering applications.Despite the various benefits 2D MOFs give as complex materials with delicate functional characteristics, a few unsolved concerns remain about how to accelerate the development of 2D MOFs for biomedical applications. Differentiating between bulk MOFs and 2D MOFs requires special characterization approaches. This will help define the structure of 2D MOFs and better understand their defect sites, allowing for more effective synthesis strategies.2D MOFs' structural flexibility may be strengthened by using computational and sophisticated features to increase our knowledge of 2D MOFs' crystallography. Scaling up the fabrication of mechanically stable 2D MOFs using cost-effective synthesis while managing MOF size, shape, and porosity is very critical and warrants further consideration in future study. To boost device-based applications, in-situ and in-operando research as well as 2D MOFs' endurance properties are advised. This would facilitate design and manufacture of 2D MOFs with controllable particle sizes, which are particularly useful in optical and photothermal applications. To ensure optimal use of MOFs in biosensing and biomimetic applications, the barriers of ultrathin 2D MOFs must be overcome. 2D MOF aggregation and accompanying instability now also hinder its use in biological applications. This requires processing approaches to boost MOF stability. After developing 2D MOF synthesis procedures, extensive toxicological and biocompatibility research is needed to help translate 2D MOFs. With careful input material selection, including biocompatible metals and effective non-toxic linker materials, current challenges may be handled. Addressing these challenges might also help enhance the design and manufacture of MOFs, which might accelerate clinical translation of 2D MOFs.