Brain function in classic galactosemia, a galactosemia network (GalNet) members review
Bianca Panis, E. Naomi Vos, Ivo Barić, Annet M. Bosch, Martijn C.G.J. Brouwers, Alberto Burlina, David Cassiman, David Coman, María L. Couce, Anibh M. Das, Didem Demirbas, Aurélie Empain, Matthias Gautschi, Olga Grafakou, Stephanie Grünewald, Sandra D.K. Kingma, Ina Knerr, Elisa Leão Teles, Dorothea Möslinger, Elaine Murphy, Katrin Õunap, Adriana Pané, Sabrina Paci, Rossella Parini, Isabel Rivera, Sabine Scholl‐Bürgi, Ida Vanessa Döederlein Schwartz, Triantafyllia Sdogou, Loai Shakerdi, Anastasia Skouma, Karolina M. Stępień, Eileen P. Treacy, Susan E. Waisbren, Gerard T. Berry, M. Estela Rubio‐Gozalbo
Abstract
Classic galactosemia (CG, OMIM #230400, ORPHA: 79,239) is a hereditary disorder of galactose metabolism that, despite treatment with galactose restriction, affects brain function in 85% of the patients. Problems with cognitive function, neuropsychological/social emotional difficulties, neurological symptoms, and abnormalities in neuroimaging and electrophysiological assessments are frequently reported in this group of patients, with an enormous individual variability. In this review, we describe the role of impaired galactose metabolism on brain dysfunction based on state of the art knowledge. Several proposed disease mechanisms are discussed, as well as the time of damage and potential treatment options. Furthermore, we combine data from longitudinal, cross-sectional and retrospective studies with the observations of specialist teams treating this disease to depict the brain disease course over time. Based on current data and insights, the majority of patients do not exhibit cognitive decline. A subset of patients, often with early onset cerebral and cerebellar volume loss, can nevertheless experience neurological worsening. While a large number of patients with CG suffer from anxiety and depression, the increased complaints about memory loss, anxiety and depression at an older age are likely multifactorial in origin.