Hazard assessment of hexagonal boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites using human skin and lung cells
Michela Carlin, Jasreen Kaur, Dinu Zinovie Ciobanu, Zheng‐Mei Song, Magnus Olsson, Tiberiu Totu, Govind Gupta, Guotao Peng, Viviana Jehová González, Iwona Janica, Victor Fuster Pozo, Savvina Chortarea, Marija Buljan, Tina Buerki‐Thurnherr, Antonio Esaú Del Río Castillo, Sanjay Thorat, Francesco Bonaccorso, Aurelia Tubaro, Ester Vázquez, Maurizio Prato, Andrea Armirotti, Peter Wick, Alberto Bianco, Bengt Fadeel, Marco Pelin
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is an emerging two-dimensional material attracting considerable attention in the industrial sector given its innovative physicochemical properties. Potential risks are associated mainly with occupational exposure where inhalation and skin contact are the most relevant exposure routes for workers. Here we aimed at characterizing the effects induced by composites of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and hBN, using immortalized HaCaT skin keratinocytes and BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. The composite was abraded using a Taber® rotary abraser and abraded TPU and TPU-hBN were also subjected to photo-Fenton-mediated degradation mimicking potential weathering across the product life cycle. Cells were exposed to the materials for 24 h (acute exposure) or twice per week for 4 weeks (chronic exposure) and evaluated with respect to material internalization, cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Additionally, comprehensive mass spectrometry-based proteomics and metabolomics (secretomics) analyses were performed. Overall, despite evidence of cellular uptake of the material, no significant cellular and/or protein expression profiles alterations were observed after acute or chronic exposure of HaCaT or BEAS-2B cells, identifying only few pro-inflammatory proteins. Similar results were obtained for the degraded materials. These results support the determination of hazard profiles associated with cutaneous and pulmonary hBN-reinforced polymer composites exposure. Beside graphene, only limited information is available about other 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Beside the paucity of toxicological data on hBN, the hazard potential of hBN-containing products is seldom evaluated. Nevertheless, the risk for the environment, as well as for human health, could be associated not only with pristine material properties, but also with particles released after mechanical degradation during hBN-reinforced products life cycle. This study provides information on what is qualitatively and quantitatively released from an industrially-relevant hBN-reinforced composite, with careful hazard characterization from a life cycle perspective using immortalized human skin and lung cells.