Rising Hemoglobin A1c in the Nondiabetic Range Predicts Progression of Type 1 Diabetes As Well As Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests
Kendra Vehik, David Boulware, Michael Killian, Marian Rewers, Richard McIndoe, Jorma Toppari, Åke Lernmark, Beena Akolkar, Anette‐G. Ziegler, Henry Rodriguez, Desmond Schatz, Jeffrey P. Krischer, William Hagopian, The TEDDY Study Group, Marian Rewers, Aaron Barbour, Kimberly Bautista, Judith Baxter, Daniel Felipe-Morales, Brigitte I. Frohnert, Marisa Stahl, Patricia Gesualdo, Michelle Hoffman, Rachel Karban, Edwin Liu, Alondra Munoz, Jill M. Norris, Holly O’Donnell, Stesha Peacock, Hanan Shorrosh, Andrea K. Steck, Megan Stern, Kathleen Waugh, Jorma Toppari, Olli Simell, Annika Adamsson, Sanna-Mari Aaltonen, Suvi Ahonen, Iris Erlund, Leena Hakola, Anne Hekkala, Henna Holappa, Heikki Hyöty, Anni Ikonen, Jorma Ilonen, Sanna Jokipuu, Leena Eklund Karlsson, Jukka Kero, Jaakko J. Koskenniemi, Miia Kähönen, Mikael Knip, Minna-Liisa Koivikko, Katja Kokkonen, Merja Koskinen, Mirva Koreasalo, Kalle Kurppa, Salla Kuusela, Jarita Kytölä, Jutta E. Laiho, Tiina Latva-aho, Laura Leppänen, Katri Lindfors, Maria Lönnrot, Elina Mäntymäki, Markus Mattila, Maija E. Miettinen, Katja Multasuo, Teija Mykkänen, Tiina Niininen, Sari Niinistö, Mia Nyblom, Sami Oikarinen, Paula Ollikainen, Zhian Othmani, Sirpa Pohjola, Jenna Rautanen, Anne Riikonen, Minna Romo, Satu Simell, Päivi Tossavainen, Mari Vähä-Mäkilä, Eeva Varjonen, Riitta Veijola, Irene Viinikangas, Suvi Μ. Virtanen, Jin‐Xiong She, Desmond Schatz, Diane Hopkins, Leigh Steed, Jennifer Bryant, Katherine Silvis, Michael J. Haller, Melissa Gardiner, Richard McIndoe, Ashok Sharma, StephenW. Anderson, Laura M. Jacobsen, John Marks, P.D. Towe, Anette G. Ziegler
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers predicting risk of type 1 diabetes (stage 3) among children with islet autoantibodies are greatly needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and facilitate prevention therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children in the prospective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study (n = 707) with confirmed diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GAD antibody, IA-2A, and/or insulin autoantibody) and two or more HbA1c measurements were followed to diabetes or median age 11.1 years. Once confirmed autoantibody positive, HbA1c was measured quarterly. Cox models and receiver operative characteristic curve analyses revealed the prognostic utility for risk of stage 3 on a relative HbA1c increase from the baseline visit or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG). This HbA1c approach was then validated in the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (TrialNet) (n = 1,190). RESULTS: A 10% relative HbA1c increase from baseline best marked the increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (74% sensitive; 88% specific). Significant predictors of risk for HbA1c change were age and HbA1c at the baseline test, genetic sex, maximum number of autoantibodies, and maximum rate of HbA1c increase by time of change. The multivariable model featuring a HbA1c ≥10% increase and these additional factors revealed increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (hazard ratio [HR] 12.74, 95% CI 8.7-18.6, P < 0.0001) and TrialNet (HR 5.09, 95% CI 3.3-7.9, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the composite model using HbA1c ≥10% increase performed similarly to an OGTT 2-hPG composite model (TEDDY area under the curve [AUC] 0.88 and 0.85, respectively) and to the HbA1c model in TrialNet (AUC 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: An increase of ≥10% in HbA1c from baseline is as informative as OGTT 2-hPG in predicting risk of stage 3 in youth with genetic risk and diabetes-associated autoantibodies.