Peel Essential Oils of <i>Citrus</i> Types and Their Antimicrobial Activities in Response to Various Growth Locations
Khalid A. Khalid, Osama M. Darwesh, Aisha M.A. Ahmed
Abstract
Citrus peel essential oils (EOs) have various biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial. Growth location (GL) plays a physiological role in the formation of EO. This research paper aimed to investigate peel EOs and their antimicrobial activities of nine Citrus types growing at Nile valley (NV) and Reclaimed desert (RD) in Egypt. Citrus types that are chosen in this study were Valencia orange, Navel orange, Sour orange, Lemon, Volkamer lemon, Lime, Mediterranean mandarin, Dancy tangerine, and Grapefruit. Selected microbes were two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC-12228, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-47077), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC-25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC), and one fungus (yeast, Candida albicans ATCC-10231). EO was isolated by hydro-distillation (HD) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS, while the microdilution assay was employed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy. Obtained results reported that Citrus peel EOs (contents and constituents) and their antimicrobial activities are related to GLs.