PAHs pollution in the outdoor air of areas with various land uses in the industrial city of Iran: distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment
Majid Kermani, Farhad Taghizadeh, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Mitra Gholami, Abbas Shahsavani, Pegah Nakhjirgan
Abstract
Shahryar city regions with various land uses had their outdoor air concentrations of PM 2.5 -bound PAHs determined. Totally, 32 samples were taken - eight samples from the industrial region air (IS), eight samples from the high-traffic urban regions air (HTS), eight samples from the air of commercial regions (CS), and eight samples from residential areas (RS), which were analyzed by GC-MS. According to the study's findings, in the outdoor air of IS, HTS, CS, and RS, there were mean ƩPAHs concentrations of 23.25 ± 20.22, 38.88 ± 26.53, 6.97 ± 4.26, and 4.48 ± 3.13 ng/m 3 , respectively. As comparison to CS and RS, mean concentration of ƩPAHs in samples from HTS and IS was substantially greater (p < 0.05). Using the Unmix.6 receptor model, sources of PAHs in the air of Shahryar were allocated. The model's results show that 42% of PAHs come from diesel vehicles and industrial activities, 36% from traffic and other transportation sources, and 22% from heating sources and coal burning. The carcinogenicity suffering resulting from exposure to PAHs was as follows: This value for children of the ingestion, inhalation pathways and dermal contact is (1.90 × 10 −6 -1.38 × 10 −4 ), (5.5 × 10 −11 -2.67 × 10 −9 ) and (2.36 × 10 −6 -1.72 × 10 −4 ), respectively. Also, for adults were (1.47 × 10 −6 - 1.07 × 10 −4 ), (1.14 × 10 −10 - 5.27 × 10 −9 ) and (3.68 × 10 −6 - 2.87 × 10 −4 ), respectively. In general, the analyzed region's carcinogenicity risk estimates fell within the range of acceptable limit.