Towards long-term operation of flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI): Optimization of operating parameters and regeneration of flow-electrode
Wanni Zhang, Wenchao Xue, Chunpeng Zhang, Kang Xiao
Abstract
<h2>Abstract</h2> This study systematically optimized the key operating parameters and interpreted their effecting mechanisms in a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system. The optimal voltage, activated carbon electrode content, electrolyte concentration, feedwater flowrate, and electrode flowrate for desalinating low salinity feedwater (1.0 g L<sup>−1</sup> NaCl) were determined to be 1.8 V, 2.0 wt%, 10.0 g L<sup>−1</sup>, 80 mL min<sup>−1</sup>, and 60 mL min<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The variations of the above parameters can affect the system conductivity, the thickness and stability of the electric double layers, and/or the degree of concentration polarization, thereby influencing the desalination performance. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis identified the operating voltage as the dominant parameter with the most significant influence on the FCDI system. Subsequently, a long-term operation was carried out under single-pass mode. The results showed that the lab-scale FCDI system was able to constantly maintain the desalination efficiency of 1.0 g L<sup>−1</sup> feedwater (NaCl) at 40–60 % for multiple operating cycles. Over 99.8 % of electrode material regeneration and desalination efficiency recovery was able to be obtained during a 60-h operation, demonstrating that the FCDI system showed strong stability and long-term operation potential.