2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease
Fabien Praz, Michael A. Borger, Jonas Lanz, Mateo Marin‐Cuartas, Ana Abreu, Marianna Adamo, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Fabio Barili, Nikolaos Bonaros, Bernard Cosyns, Ruggero De Paulis, Habib Gamra, Marjan Jahangiri, Anders Jeppsson, Robert J.M. Klautz, Benoit Mores, Esther Pérez David, Janine Pöss, Bernard Prendergast, Bianca Rocca, Xavier Rosselló, Mikio Suzuki, Hölger Thiele, Christophe Tribouilloy, Wojciech Wojakowski, ESC/EACTS Scientific Document Group, Alec Vahanian, Carlos A. Mestres, Leila Abid, Suleman Aktaa, Enoch Akowuah, Elena Arbelo, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Emanuele Barbato, Giuseppe Boriani, Margarita Brida, Sergio Buccheri, Robert A Byrne, Ovidiu Chioncel, Lenard Conradi, Michele De Bonis, Victoria Delgado, Anna Franzone, Kristina H. Haugaa, Bettina Heidecker, Borja Ibáñez, Bernard Iung, Stefan James, Lars Køber, Konstantinos C. Koskinas, Ulf Landmesser, Gregory Y H Lip, John W. McEvoy, Gil Meltzer, David Messika–Zeitoun, Borislava Mihaylova, Richard Mindham, Inge Moelgaard, Jens Cosedis Nielsen, Gareth Owens, Agnès Pasquet, Thomas Pilgrim, Eva Prescott, Eduard Quintana, Volker Rudolph, Rafael Sádaba, Anna Sannino, Felix C. Tanner, Marina Ureña, Ilonca Vaartjes, Christiaan Vrints, Alexander Wahba, Thomas Walther, Adam Witkowski, Katja Zeppenfeld, Naltin Shuka, B. Kichou, A. L. Chilingaryan, Philipp E. Bartko, Fuad Samadov, Caroline M. Van De Heyning, Zumreta Kušljugić, Elena Kinova, Joško Bulum, Christos Eftychiou, Hana Línková, Emil Fosbøl, Hesham Bahaa, Jaagup Truusalu, Jarkko Piuhola, Erwan Donal, Shalva Petriashvili, Tanja K. Rudolph, Maria Drakopoulou, Attila Kertész, Hjalti Guðmundsson, Ben Cole, Shemy Carasso, Alessandro Navazio, Madina Sugralimova
Abstract
The European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and the EACTS and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication.The ESC and the EACTS are not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC/EACTS Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies.Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC/EACTS Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC/EACTS Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver.Nor do the ESC/EACTS Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations.It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices prior to making any clinical decision and to check whether a more recent version of this document exists.