Global functional variation in alpine vegetation
Riccardo Testolin, Carlos P. Carmona, Fabio Attorre, Peter Borchardt, Helge Bruelheide, Jiří Doležal, Manfred Finckh, Sylvia Haider, Andreas Hemp, Ute Jandt, Andrei Yu. Korolyuk, Jonathan Lenoir, Н. И. Макунина, George P. Malanson, Ladislav Mucina, Jalil Noroozi, Arkadiusz Nowak, Robert K. Peet, Gwendolyn Peyre, Francesco María Sabatini, Jozef Šibík, Petr Sklenář, Kiril Vassilev, Risto Virtanen, Susan K. Wiser, E. G. Zibzeev, Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro
Abstract
Abstract Questions What are the functional trade‐offs of vascular plant species in global alpine ecosystems? How is functional variation related to vegetation zones, climatic groups and biogeographic realms? What is the relative contribution of macroclimate and evolutionary history in shaping the functional variation of alpine plant communities? Location Global. Methods We compiled a data set of alpine vegetation with 5,532 geo‐referenced plots, 1,933 species and six plant functional traits. We used principal component analysis to quantify functional trade‐offs among species and trait probability density to assess the functional dissimilarity of alpine vegetation in different vegetation zones, climatic groups and biogeographic realms. We used multiple regression on distance matrices to model community functional dissimilarity against environmental and phylogenetic dissimilarity, controlling for geographic distance. Results The first two PCA axes explained 66% of the species’ functional variation and were related to the leaf and stem economic spectra, respectively. Trait probability density was largely independent of vegetation zone and macroclimate but differed across biogeographic realms. The same pattern emerged for both species pool and community levels. The effects of environmental and phylogenetic dissimilarities on community functional dissimilarity had similar magnitude, while the effect of geographic distance was negligible. Conclusions Plant species in alpine areas reflect the global variation of plant function, but with a predominant role of resource use strategies. Current macroclimate exerts a limited effect on alpine vegetation, mostly acting at the community level in combination with evolutionary history. Global alpine vegetation is functionally unrelated to the vegetation zones in which it is embedded, exhibiting strong functional convergence across regions.