The Correlation between Thyroid Hormone Levels and the Kidney Disease Progression Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Zhi Yang, Peng Duan, Weihong Li, Ronghui Nie, Xiaoyang Lou, Lina Wang, Kexia Wu, Jiang Liu, Ping Tu, Xiaoyang Lai
Abstract
Objective: We investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. Methods: A total of 452 patients with type 2 diabetes were included, and a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were used to diagnose persistent albuminuria and stage chronic kidney disease, respectively. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guideline was used to describe the risk of DKD progression (low, moderate, and high or very high risks). Results: The DKD group had higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lower levels of free triiodothyronine (FT 3 ) and free thyroxine (FT 4 ) than the non-DKD group. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the DKD group was significantly higher than in the non-DKD group, especially the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. FT 3 levels decreased gradually with the deterioration of DKD. TSH levels increased with an increasing KDIGO category. FT 3 and FT 4 levels were negatively correlated with serum creatinine levels and ACR, and positively correlated with eGFR. Contrastingly, TSH was positively correlated with ACR, and negatively correlated with eGFR. After adjustment, an increase in FT 3 levels significantly reduced the risk of DKD [odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI)=0.58 (0.42– 0.79)] and DKD progression [ORs (95% CIs)=0.65 (0.45– 0.93) for the moderate risk group and 0.50 (0.33– 0.74) for the high or very high-risk group, using the low-risk group as a reference]. FT 3 levels below 4.30 pmol/L in men and 3.99 pmol/L in women were the cut-off points for an increased risk of DKD progression. Conclusion: Low FT 3 level is an independent risk factor for DKD and DKD progression. FT 3 ≤ 4.30 pmol/L in men and ≤ 3.99 pmol/L in women will greatly increase the risk of kidney disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: thyroid hormone, prognosis of chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus