Sorbent-based extraction procedures
Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam, Sarina Beiramzadeh, Mohammad Nazari Koloujeh, Aysan Changizi Kecheklou, Mir Mahdi Daghi, Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Mustafa Tuzen
Abstract
Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation method that gained popularity in analytical chemistry before chromatographic analysis . In the 1970s, the concept of using solids to assist in sample preparation began to emerge as an alternative technique that could simplify procedures and reduce organic solvent usage. This laid the groundwork for modern SPE. This served as the foundation for contemporary SPE. SPE enables the separation of substances from intricate mixtures and offers exceptional extraction precision using specific sorbents . This chapter discusses fundamental aspects of solid phase extraction, such as sorbent varieties and properties, factors to consider in technique development, and the process of analyte elution. There is a discussion of how several factors, including pH, ionic strength , and organic solvent , affect selectivity, and retention. Recent advancements in sorbent technology, automated high-throughput SPE, selective analyte elution methods, and their applications in many fields such as environmental, food safety, forensic, pharmaceutical, and clinical analysis are emphasized. Traditional SPE approach, while its many benefits, has significant drawbacks. To address this, new technologies are being developed continuously. The aforesaid approaches were designed to address the issues of the previous methods. The ongoing development of SPE enhances its importance as a crucial method for extracting and concentrating trace chemicals. It will become more adaptable and needed for many analytical tasks. Based on recent successes, this approach promises further advancements to reach optimal outcomes in future studies.