Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index
Silvia García, Cristina Bouzas, David Mateos, Rosario Pastor, Laura Álvarez‐Álvarez, María Rubín, Miguel Ángel Martínez‐González, Jordi Salas‐Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Albert Goday, J. Alfredo Martínéz, Ángel M. Alonso‐Gómez, Julia Wärnberǵ, Jesús Vioqué, Dora Romaguera, José López‐Miranda, Ramón Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, Lluís Serra‐Majem, Blanca Riquelme‐Gallego, Xavier Pintó, José J. Gaforio, Pilar Matía, Josép Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Lidia Daimiel, Emilio Ros, Maira Bes‐Rastrollo, Patricia Guillem‐Sáiz, Stephanie Nishi, Robert Cabanes, Itziar Abete, Leire Goicolea‐Güemez, Enrique Gómez‐Gracia, Antonio J. Signes‐Pastor, Antoni Colom, Antoni Sureda, Sara Castro‐Barquero, José Carlos Fernández‐García, José Manuel Santos‐Lozano, Zenaida Vázquez, José V. Sorlí, María Pascual, Olga Castañer, M. Ángeles Zulet, Jessica Vaquero‐Luna, F. Javier Basterra-Gortari, Nancy Babió, R Ciurana, Vicente Martín, Josep A. Tur
Abstract
Abstract Background Research related to sustainable diets is is highly relevant to provide better understanding of the impact of dietary intake on the health and the environment. Aim To assess the association between the adherence to an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and the amount of CO 2 emitted in an older adult population. Design and population Using a cross-sectional design, the association between the adherence to an energy-reduced Mediterranean Diet (erMedDiet) score and dietary CO 2 emissions in 6646 participants was assessed. Methods Food intake and adherence to the erMedDiet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaire and 17-item Mediterranean questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics were documented. Environmental impact was calculated through greenhouse gas emissions estimations, specifically CO 2 emissions of each participant diet per day, using a European database. Participants were distributed in quartiles according to their estimated CO 2 emissions expressed in kg/day: Q1 (≤2.01 kg CO 2 ), Q2 (2.02-2.34 kg CO 2 ), Q3 (2.35-2.79 kg CO 2 ) and Q4 (≥2.80 kg CO 2 ). Results More men than women induced higher dietary levels of CO 2 emissions. Participants reporting higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole cereals, preferring white meat, and having less consumption of red meat were mostly emitting less kg of CO 2 through diet. Participants with higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet showed lower odds for dietary CO 2 emissions: Q2 (OR 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-1.00), Q3 (OR 0.69; 95%CI: 0.69-0.79) and Q4 (OR 0.48; 95%CI: 0.42-0.55) vs Q1 (reference). Conclusions The Mediterranean diet can be environmentally protective since the higher the adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the lower total dietary CO 2 emissions. Mediterranean Diet index may be used as a pollution level index.