Electrochemical sensors for screening of tyrosine and tryptophan as biomarkers for diseases: A narrative review
Hashmatullah Nasimi, Jonna Skov Madsen, Ahmed H. Zedan, Anders Malmendal, Palle Jørn Sloth Osther, Fatima AlZahra’a Alatraktchi
Abstract
Amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan have garnered interest in recent years due to their potential use as biomarkers for various diseases. While metabolomic methods have been utilized to detect these amino acids, they can be costly, time-consuming, and require lengthy sample analysis. Electrochemical sensors, on the other hand, offer a simple, cost-effective, and highly sensitive alternative that can be used on-site for detection. This review discusses the application of electrochemical sensing for tyrosine and tryptophan detection in biological fluids, with a focus on their potential as biomarkers. It also covers various types of carbon, nanoparticle, and polymer-based electrochemical electrodes used for tyrosine and tryptophan detection, including their characteristics and performance. Finally, this review provides an overview of the current state of electrochemical detection of tyrosine and tryptophan and outlines directions for future research in this field.