Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in HCM Phenocopies: From Diagnosis to Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Management
Roberto Licordari, Giancarlo Trimarchi, Lucio Teresi, Davide Restelli, Francesca Lofrumento, Alessia Perna, Mariapaola Campisi, Cesare de Gregorio, Patrizia Grimaldi, Danila Calabrò, Francesco Costa, Antonio Giovanni Versace, Antonio Micari, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Gianluca Di Bella
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart disease characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, which can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. However, not all patients with HCM have the same underlying genetic mutations, and some have conditions that resemble HCM but have different genetic or pathophysiological mechanisms, referred to as phenocopies. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for the non-invasive assessment of HCM and its phenocopies. CMR can accurately quantify the extent and distribution of hypertrophy, assess the presence and severity of myocardial fibrosis, and detect associated abnormalities. In the context of phenocopies, CMR can aid in the differentiation between HCM and other diseases that present with HCM-like features, such as cardiac amyloidosis (CA), Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD), and mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. CMR can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information that can guide clinical decision-making and management strategies. This review aims to describe the available evidence of the role of CMR in the assessment of hypertrophic phenotype and its diagnostic and prognostic implications.