Extragenital testing increases case detection of gonorrhea and chlamydia: The impact of implementing nucleic acid amplification testing

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) was validated in Ontario in 2018 to test for chlamydia and gonorrhea at extragenital (pharyngeal, rectal) sites. Prior to this validation, extragenital testing could be done only by culture in Ontario. The objective of this study was to determine the number and proportion of gonorrhea and chlamydia cases that were detected exclusively through extragenital (pharyngeal and/or rectal) testing after the implementation of extragenital NAAT for these two infections at Sexual Health Clinic among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). METHODS: Case and laboratory data from before and after NAAT implementation were used to compare the rates of diagnosis of gonorrhea and chlamydia among gbMSM who presented at Sexual Health Clinics and the percent increase in diagnoses in gbMSM in the entire population. RESULTS: Among gbMSM seen at the clinic after implementation of NAAT testing, 70% of gonorrhea cases and 65% of chlamydia cases were detected exclusively at extragenital sites, corresponding to a four and two-fold increase, respectively, in the average annual number of cases diagnosed. As well, although approximately 50% more pharyngeal than rectal testing occurred, a higher proportion of chlamydia cases were detected rectally than would have been expected; this was not the case for gonorrhea, where most infections were pharyngeal. CONCLUSION: It is important that clinicians perform extragenital testing among gbMSM who have sexual contact involving extragenital sites with more than one partner.

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