Recent Advances in Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Spent Li‐ion Batteries
Huifan Li, Zhaowei Cui, Wei Tang
Abstract
Abstract Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal energy storage technologies for achieving a low‐carbon future. However, the exponential growth in global demand for LIBs has triggered dual crises: resource scarcity in battery production and environmental pollution caused by spent batteries. Developing green and sustainable recycling strategies for LIBs is therefore critical to addressing these challenges. Hydrometallurgy has emerged as a research focus due to its advantages in high leaching efficiency, high product purity, and low energy consumption. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for spent LIBs. Key approaches cover reagent‐assisted leaching (including reducing agent‐assisted leaching, deep eutectic solvents (DES), oxidizing agent‐assisted leaching); field‐assisted leaching (including ultrasound, microwave, and electrochemistry); catalytic‐assisted leaching (including photocatalysis, contact‐electro‐catalysis, and photothermal catalysis), and others (like supercritical fluid, mechanochemistry). In particular, the principles and challenges of catalytic leaching are discussed in depth, offering a roadmap for future industrial applications. By providing a comprehensive theoretical framework and practical insights, this review aims to advance hydrometallurgical recycling toward higher efficiency, sustainability, and environmental compatibility, thereby supporting the transition to a circular economy.