Roadmap for Photonics with 2D Materials
F. Javier Garcı́a de Abajo, D. N. Basov, Frank H. L. Koppens, Lorenzo Orsini, Matteo Ceccanti, Sebastián Castilla, Lorenzo Cavicchi, Marco Polini, P. A. D. Gonçalves, A. T. Costa, N. M. R. Peres, N. Asger Mortensen, Sathwik Bharadwaj, Zubin Jacob, P. James Schuck, Abhay N. Pasupathy, Milan Delor, M. K. Liu, Aitor Mugarza, Pablo Merino, Marc G. Cuxart, Emigdio Chávez‐Ángel, Martin Švec, Luiz H. G. Tizei, Florian Dirnberger, Hui Deng, Christian Schneider, Vinod M. Menon, Thorsten Deilmann, Alexey Chernikov, Kristian S. Thygesen, Yohannes Abate, Mauricio Terrones, Vinod K. Sangwan, Mark C. Hersam, Leo Yu, Xueqi Chen, Tony F. Heinz, Puneet A. Murthy, Martin Kroner, T. Smoleński, Deepankur Thureja, Thibault Chervy, Armando Genco, Chiara Trovatello, Giulio Cerullo, Stefano Dal Conte, Daniel Timmer, Antonietta De Sio, Christoph Lienau, Nianze Shang, Hao Hong, Kaihui Liu, Zhipei Sun, Lee A. Rozema, Philip Walther, Andrea Alù, Andrea Carlo Marini, Michele Cotrufo, Raquel Queiroz, Xiaoyang Zhu, Joel D. Cox, Eduardo J. C. Dias, Álvaro Rodríguez Echarri, Fadıl İyikanat, Paul Herrmann, Nele Tornow, Sebastian Klimmer, Jan Wilhelm, Giancarlo Soavi, Zeyuan Sun, Shiwei Wu, Ying Xiong, Oles Matsyshyn, Roshan Krishna Kumar, Justin C. W. Song, Tomer Bucher, Alexey Gorlach, Shai Tsesses, Ido Kaminer, Julian Schwab, Florian Mangold, Harald Gießen, Miguel Sánchez Sánchez, Dmitri K. Efetov, Tony Low, G. Gómez-Santos, Tobias Stauber, Gonzalo Álvarez‐Pérez, Jiahua Duan, L. Martı́n-Moreno, Alexander Paarmann, Joshua D. Caldwell, Alexey Y. Nikitin, Pablo Alonso‐González, Niclas S. Mueller, Valentyn S. Volkov, Deep Jariwala, Timur Shegai, Jorik van de Groep
Abstract
Triggered by advances in atomic-layer exfoliation and growth techniques, along with the identification of a wide range of extraordinary physical properties in self-standing films consisting of one or a few atomic layers, two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other van der Waals (vdW) crystals now constitute a broad research field expanding in multiple directions through the combination of layer stacking and twisting, nanofabrication, surface-science methods, and integration into nanostructured environments. Photonics encompasses a multidisciplinary subset of those directions, where 2D materials contribute remarkable nonlinearities, long-lived and ultraconfined polaritons, strong excitons, topological and chiral effects, susceptibility to external stimuli, accessibility, robustness, and a completely new range of photonic materials based on layer stacking, gating, and the formation of moiré patterns. These properties are being leveraged to develop applications in electro-optical modulation, light emission and detection, imaging and metasurfaces, integrated optics, sensing, and quantum physics across a broad spectral range extending from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet, as well as enabling hybridization with spin and momentum textures of electronic band structures and magnetic degrees of freedom. The rapid expansion of photonics with 2D materials as a dynamic research arena is yielding breakthroughs, which this Roadmap summarizes while identifying challenges and opportunities for future goals and how to meet them through a wide collection of topical sections prepared by leading practitioners.