Functional biogeography of Neotropical moist forests: Trait–climate relationships and assembly patterns of tree communities
Bruno X. Pinho, Marcelo Tabarelli, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, S. Joseph Wright, Víctor Arroyo‐Rodríguez, Maíra Benchimol, Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht, Simon Pierce, Peter Hietz, Bráulio Almeida Santos, Carlos A. Peres, Sandra Cristina Müller, Ian J. Wright, Frans Bongers, Madelon Lohbeck, Ülo Niinemets, Martijn Slot, Steven Jansen, Davi Jamelli, Renato A. Ferreira de Lima, Nathan G. Swenson, Richard Condit, Jos Barlow, Ferry Slik, Manuel A. Hernández‐Ruedas, Gabriel Mendes, Miguel Martı́nez-Ramos, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Nancy C. Garwood, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Deborah Faria, Eduardo Chacón‐Madrigal, Eduardo Mariano‐Neto, Valdecir Júnior, Jens Kattge, Felipe P. L. Melo
Abstract
Abstract Aim Here we examine the functional profile of regional tree species pools across the latitudinal distribution of Neotropical moist forests, and test trait–climate relationships among local communities. We expected opportunistic strategies (acquisitive traits, small seeds) to be overrepresented in species pools further from the equator, but also in terms of abundance in local communities in currently wetter, warmer and more seasonal climates. Location Neotropics. Time period Recent. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We obtained abundance data from 471 plots across nine Neotropical regions, including c . 100,000 trees of 3,417 species, in addition to six functional traits. We compared occurrence‐based trait distributions among regional species pools, and evaluated single trait–climate relationships across local communities using community abundance‐weighted means (CWMs). Multivariate trait–climate relationships were assessed by a double‐constrained correspondence analysis that tests both how CWMs relate to climate and how species distributions, parameterized by niche centroids in climate space, relate to their traits. Results Regional species pools were undistinguished in functional terms, but opportunistic strategies dominated local communities further from the equator, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate explained up to 57% of the variation in CWM traits, with increasing prevalence of lower‐statured, light‐wooded and softer‐leaved species bearing smaller seeds in more seasonal, wetter and warmer climates. Species distributions were significantly but weakly related to functional traits. Main conclusions Neotropical moist forest regions share similar sets of functional strategies, from which local assembly processes, driven by current climatic conditions, select for species with different functional strategies. We can thus expect functional responses to climate change driven by changes in relative abundances of species already present regionally. Particularly, equatorial forests holding the most conservative traits and large seeds are likely to experience the most severe changes if climate change triggers the proliferation of opportunistic tree species.