Rapid Generation of Metal–Organic Framework Phase Diagrams by High-Throughput Transmission Electron Microscopy
Xinyi Gong, Karthikeyan Gnanasekaran, Kaikai Ma, Christopher J. Forman, Xingjie Wang, Shengyi Su, Omar K. Farha, Nathan C. Gianneschi
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from Zr6 nodes and tetratopic carboxylate linkers display high structural diversity and complexity in which various crystal topologies can result from identical building units. To determine correlations between MOF topologies and experimental parameters, such as solvent choice or modulator identity and concentration, we demonstrate the rapid generation of phase diagrams for Zr6-MOFs with 1,4-dibromo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene linkers under a variety of conditions. We have developed a full set of methods for high-throughput transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including automated sample preparation and data acquisition, to accelerate MOF characterization. The use of acetic acid as a modulator yields amorphous, NU-906, NU-600, and mixed-phase structures depending on the ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to N,N-diethylformamide solvent and the quantity of the modulator. Notably, the use of formic acid as a modulator enables direct control of crystal growth along the c direction through variation of the modulator quantity, thus realizing aspect ratio control of NU-1008 crystals with different catalytic hydrolysis performance toward a nerve agent simulant.