Hospital Frailty Risk Score Is Independently Associated with Mortality and Encephalopathy in Hospitalized Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Daryl Ramai, Khoi Paul Dang-Ho, Anjali Kewalramani, Praneeth Bandaru, Rodolfo Sacco, Luca Giacomelli, Aashni Shah, Simonetta Papa, Francesca Cappellini, Fabio Perversi, Sara di Nunzio, Antonio Facciorusso
Abstract
Frailty represents a state of vulnerability to multiple internal physiologic factors, as well as external pressures, and has been associated with clinical outcomes. We aim to understand the impact of frailty on patients admitted with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using the validated Hospital Frailty Risk Score, which is implemented in several hospitals worldwide. We conducted a nation-wide retrospective cohort study to determine the effect of frailty on the risk of in-patient mortality, hepatic encephalopathy, length of stay and cost. Frailty was associated with a 4.5-fold increased risk of mortality and a 2.3-fold increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy. Adjusted Cox regression showed that frailty was correlated with increased risk of in-patient mortality (hazard ratio: 2.3, 95% CI 1.9–2.8, p < 0.001). Frail HCC patients had longer hospital stay (median 5 days) vs. non-frail HCC patients (median 3 days). Additionally, frail patients had higher total costs of hospitalization ($40,875) compared with non-frail patients ($31,667). Frailty is an independent predictor of hepatic encephalopathy and in-patient mortality. Frailty is a surrogate marker of hospital length of stay and cost.