Shelf Life and Storage Conditions of Universal Adhesives: A Literature Review
Georgi Iliev, Louis Hardan, Cynthia Kassis, Rim Bourgi, Carlos Enrique Cuevas‐Suárez, Monika Łukomska−Szymańska, Davide Mancino, Youssef Haïkel, Naji Kharouf
Abstract
This paper presents state of the art universal adhesive systems and the effect of shelf-life and storage conditions on their bond performance. Three topics are explored in this review: an introduction to the topic, the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer, and the factors that play a role in the stability of universal adhesives. In addition, issues such as potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Universal adhesive systems are promising but must be handled and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions, with careful attention given to the details of shelf-life and storage conditions for maximal success. It appears that the components of universal adhesives play an important role in their stability. Furthermore, HEMA-free formulations using methacrylamides lead to longer shelf-life. Further research is needed to prove these hypotheses.