Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in calcium oxalate crystal-induced kidney injury
Kun Tang, Tao Ye, Yu He, Xiaozhuo Ba, Ding Xia, Ejun Peng, Zhiqiang Chen, Zhangqun Ye, Xiaoqi Yang
Abstract
Kidney stones represent a highly prevalent urological disorder worldwide, with high incidence and recurrence rates. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal-induced kidney injury serves as the foundational mechanism for the formation and progression of CaOx stones. Regulated cell death (RCD) such as ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are essential in the pathophysiological process of kidney injury. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered RCD, is characterized by its reliance on iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. Necroptosis, a widely studied programmed necrosis, initiates with a necrotic phenotype that resembles apoptosis in appearance. Pyroptosis, a type of RCD that involves the gasdermin protein, is accompanied by inflammation and immune response. In recent years, increasing amounts of evidence has demonstrated that ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are significant pathophysiological processes involved in CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury. Herein, we summed up the roles of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury. Furthermore, we delved into the curative potential of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury. • This review sumed up the roles of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury. • Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis share the same immune feature of promoting inflammation. • We delved into the curative potential of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury.