Microplastics from cigarette filters: Comparative effects on selected terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates

Abstract

Cigarette filters comprise plasticised cellulose acetate, a synthetic polymer categorized as bioplastic. They represent a significant source of microplastics (MPs), in particular microfibers, and associated chemicals, yet their impact on organisms, especially soil invertebrates, is not well-studied. This research examines the effects of MPs milled from smoked (SCF-MPs) and unsmoked cigarette filters (UCF-MPs) on terrestrial invertebrates ( Porcellio scaber, Tenebrio molitor ) and aquatic invertebrates ( Daphnia magna, Brachionus calyciflorus ). SCF-MPs and UCF-MPs were found to be 9.06 ± 4.1 μm and 12.71 ± 6.82 μm in size, respectively. Both samples contained triacetin and potentially toxic metals, while SCF-MPs also contained nicotine and a larger number of trace organic compounds. While exposure to SCF-MPs or UCF-MPs (up to 1.5 % MPs, w/w in soil) did not affect the survival of either terrestrial invertebrate, several physiological responses were observed. These included changes in immune parameters, energy-related biomarker levels, and altered glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Both types of MPs were acutely toxic to aquatic invertebrates, reducing the survival rates of B. calyciflorus (10 mg L −1 of either particle after 48h exposure) and D. magna (100 mg L −1 of SCF-MPs after 48h exposure). SCF-MPs generally caused more pronounced effects than UCF-MPs. This study highlights the need for effective environmental management to address both smoked and unsmoked cigarette filters. • Cigarette filter MPs induce several physiological responses in P. scaber and T. molitor . • Cigarette filter MPs are acutely toxic to D. magna and B. calyciflorus . • Smoked cigarette filter MPs induce more pronounced effects on organisms than unsmoked. • Cigarette filter MPs are complex pollutants containing a range of potentially toxic metals and organic chemicals.

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