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Conflicting relationships of <i>Vipera walser</i> inferred from nuclear genes sequences and mitochondrial DNA

Paul Doniol‐Valcroze, Sylvain Ursenbacher, Konrad Mebert, Samuele Ghielmi, Lorenzo Laddaga, Patricia Sourrouille, Mert Karış, Pierre‐André Crochet

2021Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research13 citationsDOI

Abstract

The description of Vipera walser from the Northern Italian Alps as a new species (Ghielmi et al., 2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161) was one of the most unexpected surprises of European herpetology in the 21st century. In mitochondrial (mt) DNA, it is closely related to a group of vipers only present in the Caucasus region and Northeastern Anatolia. However, its morphology is similar to the V. berus populations that inhabit nearby mountains in the Swiss-Italian Alps, which raises questions on its relationships and status. We thus sequenced five nuclear (nu) genes to determine the position of V. walser relative to V. berus and to the Caucasian/Northeastern Anatolian vipers in nuDNA. We also reanalyzed five previously sequenced mtDNA fragments. NuDNA markers recovered V. walser as closely related to Italian populations of V. berus and not to the Caucasian/Anatolian species, thus contradicting the mtDNA phylogeny. We checked that each of the five mtDNA fragments independently amplified by Ghielmi et al. (2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161) produced individual gene trees compatible with the concatenated mtDNA phylogeny, thus excluding the hypothesis that NUMTs sequencing generated the mtDNA relationships reported by Ghielmi et al. (2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161). Given the low level of nuclear differentiation between V. walser and the Italian population of V. berus, we argue that ancient admixture between V. berus and the ancestral population of V. walser is the most likely explanation for this case of cyto-nuclear discordance and we discuss the consequences of these results on the systematic status of V. walser. La description de Vipera walser comme une nouvelle espèce des Alpes italiennes du Nord (Ghielmi et al., 2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161) a été l'une des surprises les plus inattendues de l'herpétologie européenne au 21e siècle. Son ADN mitochondrial est étroitement apparenté à celui d’un groupe de vipères uniquement présent autour du Caucase et de l'Anatolie orientale. Cependant, sa morphologie est similaire aux populations de V. berus qui vivent dans la même région des Alpes italiennes, ce qui soulève des questions sur ses relations de parenté et son statut systématique. Nous avons donc séquencé cinq gènes nucléaires pour déterminer la position de V. walser par rapport à V. berus et aux vipères du Caucase/Anatolie orientale pour l'ADN nucléaire. Nous avons également réanalysé les cinq fragments d'ADN mitochondrial précédemment séquencés. Les marqueurs nucléaires ont identifié V. walser comme étroitement apparenté à la population italienne de V. berus et non aux espèces caucasiennes/anatoliennes orientales, contredisant ainsi la phylogénie de l'ADN mitochondrial. Nous avons vérifié que chacun des cinq fragments d'ADN mitochondrial amplifiés indépendamment par Ghielmi et al. (2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161) ont produit des arbres de gènes individuels compatibles avec la phylogénie mitochondriale concaténée, excluant ainsi l'hypothèse selon laquelle le séquençage de NUMTs a généré les relations mitochondriales identifiées par Ghielmi et al. (2016, Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54, 161). Compte tenu du faible niveau de différenciation nucléaire entre V. walser et la population italienne de V. berus, nous pensons qu’une introgression ancienne entre V. berus et la population ancestrale de V. walser est l'explication la plus probable de cette discordance cyto-nucléaire; nous discutons en conclusion des conséquences de ces résultats sur le statut systématique de V. walser. Figure S1. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the concatenation of the five nuclear genes; the numbers at the nodes are the bootstrap support (1000 repetitions). Figure S2. Neighbor-joining tree based on the concatenation of the five nuclear genes; the numbers at the nodes are the bootstrap support (1000 repetitions). Figure S3. Bayesian tree based on the concatenation of the five nuclear genes with Montivipera raddei and Daboia russelii as outgroups, the numbers at the nodes are the posterior probabilities. Figure S4. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the concatenation of the five nuclear genes with Montivipera raddei and Daboia russelii as outgroups; the numbers at the nodes are the bootstrap support (100 repetitions). Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Topics & Concepts

Mitochondrial DNABiologySystematicsNuclear geneNuclear DNAEvolutionary biologyZoologyPopulationPhylogeneticsGeneGeneticsTaxonomy (biology)DemographySociologyWildlife Ecology and ConservationGenetic diversity and population structureAmphibian and Reptile Biology
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