Hepato-renal toxicities associated with heavy metal contamination of water sources among residents of an oil contaminated area in Nigeria
Caroline Chinenyenwa Thomas, Augusta Chinyere Nsonwu-Anyanwu, Chinyere Usoro, Eni-yimini Solomon Agoro, Augusta N. Idenyi
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate the heavy metal (HM) content of water sources from oil contaminated area, HM and hepato-renal functions of residents and to determine association between consumption of crude oil contaminated water and development of multiple organ toxicities. METHODS: Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) content of 20 surface water sources (SWS) and 20 underground water sources (UWS) from crude oil contaminated area and 40 water sources (20 SWS and 20 UWS) from uncontaminated area (controls) were estimated using AAS. The HM, indices of liver function (aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total protein (TP), albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin (TB and CB)) and renal functions (urea, creatinine, sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)) were determined in 120 residents each from contaminated and control areas using enzyme-colorimetry and ELISA methods. RESULTS: The HM levels of all water sources studied were above WHO standards. Water sources from contaminated area had higher HM levels compared to control. HM contents of SWS from contaminated area and control were higher than UWS from both areas. Residents of contaminated area had higher levels of HM, urea, bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, KIM-1, ALP, GGT, AST, ALT, TB and CB and lower TP and albumin compared to residents of control area. CONCLUSION: Water contamination with crude oil is associated with elevated HM content with perturbations in HM, liver and renal functions of consumers which may suggest an increased risk of hepato-renal toxicities.