The electroreduction-free stripping analysis of copper (II) ions and the voltammetric detection of nonylphenol and tetracycline based on graphdiyne/carbon nanotubes
Yifan Zhou, Shuhao Zhang, Hongde Liu, Yinhui Yi, Gangbing Zhu
Abstract
The heavy metal ions (HMI) and π-electronical pollutants are two main types of environmental water contaminants, thus designing a universal sensor for their detection is considerable important. Meanwhile, graphdiyne (GDY) as a star material exhibits many unique advantages, especially superior adsorption and self-reducing property to HMI as well as great affinity to π-electron targets. Herein, by low-cost utilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the template dedicated to improve the conductivity and dispersibility of GDY, a multifunctional nanohybrid GDY/CNTs was prepared and then revealed successfully as a universal electrochemical sensing material for the HMI and π-electronical pollutants by adopting three models: (a) based on the in-situ adsorption and self-reduction capabilities of GDY towards HMI, an innovative electroreduction-free stripping voltammetry (FSV) sensing strategy was proposed for HMI detection via adopting Cu 2+ as a representative, which can effectively avoid the electroreduction process compared with the common anodic stripping voltammetry method; (b) by selecting nonylphenol (NP) and tetracycline (TC) as two representative targets, the sensing performances of GDY/CNTs for the π-electronical pollutants were also confirmed. After optimizing the related experimental parameters, the as-prepared GDY/CNTs exhibits superior analytical performances (the obtained detection limits for Cu 2+ , NP and TC are respectively 1.6 nM, 6.67 nM and 1.67 nM coupled with the linearities of 0.005–10.0 μM, 0.02–25.0 μM and 0.005–6.0 μM) owing to the synergistic advantages of GDY and CNTs. This work revealed the as-prepared GDY/CNTs nanohybrids can be utilized as a robust universal sensing material for HMI and pollutants consisting of π-electrons, and especially the proposed FSV sensing strategy is very promising, exhibiting great potential applications.