Viola yedoensis Makino alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response by regulating the gut microbiota and NF-κB-NLRP3/ Nrf2-MAPK signaling pathway in broiler

Abstract

Viola yedoensis Makino (Vy) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory effects of dietary Vy supplementation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage in broilers and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, broilers were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg LPS on days 17, 19 and 21 to induce intestinal damage. Vy supplementation at 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 % in the diet was administered separately for 21 days to investigate the potential protective effects of Vy supplementation against LPS-induced intestinal impairment in broilers. Vy supplementation improved intestinal morphology and restored growth performance. Vy supplementation attenuated intestinal inflammation by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) / NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway and inhibited its downstream pro-inflammatory factor levels. In addition, Vy supplementation relieved intestinal oxidative impairment by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) / mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and downstream antioxidant enzyme activity. Vy supplementation reduced LPS-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, Vy supplementation alleviated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in chickens by increasing the abundance of protective bacteria ( Lactobacillus and Romboutsia ) and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria ( unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae , unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group ). Overall, Vy supplementation effectively ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal damage by regulating the NF-κB-NLRP3/Nrf2-MAPK signaling pathway and maintaining intestinal microbiota balance. Vy supplementation can be used as a dietary supplement to protect broilers against intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage. Vy supplementation effectively attenuated intestinal inflammation and oxidative impairment by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) / NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) / mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, ultimately inhibting cell apoptosis induced by LPS. Vy supplementation also protected against intestinal damage by increasing the abundance of protective bacteria ( Lactobacillus and Romboutsia ) and reducing the amount of pathogenic bacteria ( unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group ). Hence, dietary Vy supplementation effectively improved LPS-induced intestinal damage by regulating NF-κB-NLRP3/Nrf2-MAPK signaling pathways and maintaining intestinal microbiota balance. • Vy supplementation alleviated intestinal inflammation by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways. • Vy supplementation inhibited oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2/MAPK signaling pathways. • Vy supplementation maintained intestinal microbiota balance to protect against intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in broilers.

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