E-waste management in Bangladesh: Environmental impacts, health risks, and sustainable policy strategies
Md Shafikul Islam, Md. Rakib Hasan, Khodadad Mostakim, Md. Sadman Anjum Joarder, Md. Hasibul Hasan, Md. Rejuan Ahmed
Abstract
The management of electronic waste (e-waste) is a critical issue, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where infrastructure and regulatory frameworks are often inadequate. Recent estimates indicate that Bangladesh generated approximately 367 million kilograms (367,000 metric tons) of e-waste in 2024, equating to 2.2 kg per capita annually (0.006 kg/person/day), with e-waste constituting 2.3 % of municipal solid waste (MSW). Notably, shipbreaking activities—a major contributor—add an additional 2.5 million metric tons of e-waste annually, though this is often excluded from domestic estimates. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current e-waste management scenario in Bangladesh, highlighting both the environmental and health hazards associated with improper disposal practices. The study examines novel e-waste treatment technologies, including mechanochemical treatment, hydrothermal processes, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrocracking, to determine their feasibility in the region. Furthermore, it reviews e-waste components and hazardous substances, emphasizing the environmental and health impacts, particularly on vulnerable populations such as children and informal sector workers. The paper also examines existing e-waste management policies and legislation in Bangladesh, identifying gaps and suggesting improvements based on international best practices. It underscores the potential for resource recovery from e-waste, contributing to the circular economy, and discusses the economic benefits of effective e-waste management, including job creation and the development of a sustainable recycling industry. Finally, the study offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners aimed at enhancing e-waste management practices in Bangladesh, thus promoting a safer and more sustainable environment. Through this focused analysis, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on e-waste management and provide insights that can help bridge the gap between Bangladesh and more developed nations in terms of e-waste handling and regulatory frameworks. • The critical need for effective e-waste management in Bangladesh to mitigate environmental and health risks. • A comprehensive analysis of hazardous e-waste components is provided, aiding targeted management strategies. • The economic benefits of resource recovery from e-waste, contributing to the circular economy. • Existing e-waste policies in Bangladesh are critically evaluated, with recommendations for alignment with global standards. • Importance of public awareness and accessible e-waste disposal options for consumers.