Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Induced by IL-1β Attenuate Urethral Stricture Through Let-7c/PAK1/NF-κB-Regulated Macrophage M2 Polarization
Ye‐Hui Chen, Runan Dong, Jian Hou, Tingting Lin, Shao‐Hao Chen, Hang Chen, Junming Zhu, Jia‐Yin Chen, Zhi‐Bin Ke, Fei Lin, Xue‐Yi Xue, Yong Wei, Ning Xu
Abstract
Background: Urethral stricture is a clinical challenge for both patients and clinicians. Post-traumatic urethral stricture is associated with formation of scar tissue caused by excessive inflammation. The aim of this study is exploring potential therapeutic strategies for this condition. Methods: In vivo experiments on New Zealand rabbits and in vitro experiments on THP-1 monocytes and urethral fibroblasts were performed to investigate the effects on post-traumatic urethral stricture of exosomes isolated from IL-1β-treated mesenchymal stem cells (Exo-MSCs IL− 1β ) and the role of macrophage M2 polarization in this process. Additionally, related signaling and mechanism behind were explored. Results: In a New Zealand rabbit model of post-traumatic urethral stricture, injection of Exo-MSCs IL− 1β significantly reduced urethral stricture and collagen fiber accumulation compared with Exo-MSCs. Addition of Exo-MSCs IL− 1β to THP-1 monocytes in vitro induced M2 macrophage polarization, which, in turn, inhibited activation of urethral fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen. Mechanistically, Exo-MSCs IL− 1β were found to contain high levels of the microRNA let-7c, and luciferase reporter assays showed that let-7c interacted with the 3′UTR of PAK1 mRNA. Transfection of THP-1 cells with a let-7c mimic downregulated PAK1 expression and inhibited activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion: These results support a role for let-7c-containing Exo-MSCs IL− 1β in reducing urethral stricture via inhibition of PAK1–NF-κB signaling, M2 macrophage polarization, and differentiation of urethral myofibroblasts. Keywords: urethral stricture, mesenchymal stem cells, polarization of macrophages, exosomes, let-7c